263MOD3

MODULE THREE

SECTION SEVEN:

Preview

What do the initials B.F., as in Skinner, stand for? To what extent to “rewards” and “punishment” shape human personality? Is it all really “society’s fault” per the Columbine shootings? What does the TAT measure? Is “personality” just a response to the situation(s) one is in? These questions are part of the focus of the BEHAVIORAL/SOCIAL LEARNING perspective on personality.

Outcomes/Objectives

After completing this Section, the student should be able to:
1. Identify and differentiate among the “big names” associated with Behaviorism.

2. Identify and contrast two types of conditioning.

3. Apply “Social Cognitive” theory to behaviorism.

4. Identify the leading exponent of Social Learning Theory.

5. Define what is meant by “Self-Efficacy.”

6. Identify individual differences in gender-role behavior.

7. Evaluate “locus of control” and its’ viability in Social Learning Theory

Learning Activities

TEXTBOOK: Read Chapter 13 “The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach…” and Chapter 14 “The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach: Relevant Research”

P-THEORIES WORKBOOK: Review Case Studies 21-24

EXPERIENCE: Androgyny Scale
Masculine vs. Feminine Personality Traits??

http://www.shyness.com/qa2.html

Shyness Scale

INTERNET SITES:
http://sun.science.wayne.edu/~wpoff/cor/mem/cognobsr.html
Observational Learning and Aggression
http://www.bfskinner.org/index.asp
B. F. Skinner Foundation

SECTION EIGHT:

Preview

Are some people “dreamers” and others “realists?” Is the glass half-full or half-empty? What is a “schema?” Are Albert Einstein, Tiger Woods and Whoopie Goldburg “prototypes?” Is Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy rational? Why do men and women differ so? If love is blind, why is lingerie so popular? These questions are part of the focus of the COGNITIVE inquiries into the nature of personality.

Outcomes/Objectives

After completing this Section, the student should be able to:
1. Identify and apply the elements of Cognitive Personality Theory.

2. Define and differentiate between the various types of cognitive structures.

3. Identify Albert Ellis’s contribution(s) to Cognitive Personality Theory.

4. Compare and contrast the ”strengths” and “weaknesses” of Cognitive Personality Theory.

5. Compare and contrast gender differences as associated with CPT.

6. Recognize a relationship of CPT with Psychoanalysis.

7. Identify the relationship of depression with cognitions.

Learning Activities

TEXTBOOK: Read Chapter 15 “The Cognitive Approach…” and Chapter 16 “The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research”

P-THEORIES WORKBOOK: Review Case Studies 19-20

INTERNET SITES:
http://www.psych.rochester.edu/SDT/
This website deals with a prominent approach to human motivation and personality.
http://www.fairtest.org/facts/genderbias.htm
Gender Bias in College Admissions Tests

http://www.cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/02/20/stoics.wimps.ap/index.html

Pain Tolerance

SECTION NINE:

Preview

Is there a one-best theory of personality? If there is no one-best theory of personality, then what good are they? Are clones people two? These questions are part of the focus of the LAST CHAPTER of the text.

Outcomes/Objectives

After completing this Section, the student should be able to:
1. Identify the “trends” in personality theory.

2. Recognize and distinguish among the four “general topics” the text author examines in detail in Chapter 17.

3.Identify the “best” theory of personality.

4.Identify three areas of consensus among personality psychologists.

5. Apply, assess, distinguish, identify and contrast all that is known about personality theory!

Learning Activities

TEXTBOOK: Read Chapter 17 “Some Concluding Observations”

P-THEORIES WORKBOOK: None

INTERNET SITES:
http://www.nada.kth.se/~asa/Kloning/oncloning.html
The issue: Are twins clones...in a sense?

http://www.apa.org/releases/married_happy.html

Are Married People Happier Than Unmarried People?

Assignment: CASE STUDY

Select any one of the Case Studies (numbers 19 - 28) from the Personality Theories Workbook and answer the “Applications Questions.” Submit your answers in the form of a 1-page paper before the end-date for Module Three.

SELF TEST for Module Three

Below are 10 test items that can be used for a preview and review of the material in this section.

1. What did Watson use to explain human behavior"
    1. Traits
    2. Observational learning
    3. Social motives
    4. Classical and operant conditioning

2. After a new stimlus-response associations is classically conditioned, it must be paired with the old/original stimulus occasionally or reinforced to avoid
    1. second order conditioning
    2. extinction
    3. stimulus generalization
    4. stimulus discrimination

3. Which procedure would you use if you wanted to decrease the frequency of a response?
    1. Negative reinforcement
    2. Extinction
    3. Shaping
    4. Generalization

4. The traditional masculinity - femininity model for describing individual differences in gendder-role behavior was based on the assumption that:
    1. gender behavior is learned through operant conditioning and observational learning.
    2. masculinity and femininity represent two end points of one continuum.
    3. it is better to be masculine than feminine.
    4. masculinity and femininity are independent dimensions of personality.

5. The androgyny model of gender type divides people into how many different groups?
    1. Two
    2. Four
    3. Ten
    4. One-hundred and twenty four

6. According to Kelly, personal constructs:
    1. consist of a number of possible classifications ranging from one extreme to another
    2. are basically the same for all people
    3. can be expressed in words
    4. are bipolar

7. Psychotherapists sometimes decide on a diagnosis by comparing their client against a representative example of someone who suffers from, for example, schizophrenia. This is an example of the use of:
    1. self-schemas
    2. prototypes
    3, cognitive-affective units
    4. the matching process.

8. Albert Ellis's goal in Rational Emotive Therapy is to:
    1. help clients deal with irrational beliefs originating in childhood
    2. help clients get in touch with their true feelings
    3. replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones
    4. teach clients more effective social skills

9. Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women:
    1. make an effort to remember
    2. use make-up
    3. mature intellectually
    4. form cognitive representations of themselves

10. Which two theorists are most alike in their approach to understanding personality?
    1. Freud and Rogers
    2. Skinner and Rogers
    3. Freud and Jung
    4. Maslow and Eysenck

Answers: (1) 4, (2) 2, (3) 2, (4) 2, (5) 2, (6) 4, (7) 2, (8) 3, (9) 4, (10) 3

Note: If you missed two or more of the above questions, further review is suggested.